By Keyword:   Chapter PROLOGUE 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 EPILOGUE Or, Page Number:     Click on an image to see a larger, more detailed picture.		APPENDICES   Total Deaths from Nazi Genocidal Policies Group Deaths European Jews 5,600,000 to 6,250,000 Soviet prisoners of war 3,000,000 Polish Catholics 3,000,000 Serbians 700,000 (Croat Ustasa persecution) Roma, Sinti, and Lalleri 222,000 to 250,000 Germans (political, religious, and Resistance) 80,000 Germans (handicapped) 70,000 Homosexuals 12,000 Jehovah’s Witnesses 2500   Death Camps (Poland) Death Camps Jewish Deaths Commandant Auschwitz-Birkenau 1.1 to 1.6 million Richard Bär, Lothar Hatjenstein, Rudolf Höss, Josef Kramer, Arthur Liebehenschel, Richard Baer, Heinrich Schwarz Belzec 601,500 Christian Wirth, Gottlieb Hering Chelmno 255,000 Hans Bothmann Majdanek 360,000 Arthur Liebehenschel Sobibór 250,000 Franz Reichleitner, Franz Stangl, Richard Thomalla Treblinka 750,000 to 870,000 Kurt Franz, Franz Stangl   Internment and Transit Camps in Western Europe Under Nazi Occupation Belgium Breendonck (internment): Belgian and “stateless” Jews deported to Mechelen. Mechelen (transit): 26,000 Jews sent to concentration camps. France Beaune-la-Rolnade (internment) Compiègne (transit): 12,000 Jews deported to Buchenwald and Dachau. Drancy (transit): 74,000 indigenous and non-French Jews, and 5000 Belgian Jews, deported to Auschwitz, Majdanek, and Sobibór. Gurs (collection camp): 6000 non-French Jews, mostly German, deported to Drancy. Les Milles (transfer camp): 2000 inmates deported to Drancy and then on to Auschwitz. Pithiviers (internment and transit): 3700 Jewish men deported to Auschwitz. Rivesaltes (internment): German Jews, Roma, and Spanish Republicans deported to death camps. Vittel (internment): 300 Jews sent to Drancy. Luxembourg Fünfbrunnen (transit): Approximately 2000 Jews from Luxembourg and Jewish refugees were deported to death and concentration camps. Netherlands Vught (transit and punishment camp): 12,000 Jews deported to Westerbork. Westerbork (internment): 89,000 Jews and 500 Roma deported to concentration and death camps in Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Poland.   Major Concentration and Labor Camps Camp Location Jewish Deaths Auschwitz I Oswieçim, Poland 1.6 million Bergen-Belsen Hanover, Germany 50,000 Buchenwald Weimar, Germany 60,000 to 65,000 Dachau Munich, Germany 35,000 Dora-Nordhausen Harz Mountains, Germany 8125    Mittelbau/Mittelwerk 20,000 Flossenbürg Upper Palatine, Bavaria 27,000 Gross-Rosen Lower Silesia, Germany 105,000 Janówska Lvov, Ukraine 40,000 Jasenovac Zagreb, Croatia 20,000 Kaiserwald Riga, Latvia 10,000 Klooga Tallinn, Estonia 2400 Mauthausen Linz, Austria 120,000 Natzweiler-Struthof Strasbourg, France 17,000 Neuengamme Hamburg, Germany 55,000 Ninth Fort Kovno, Lithuania 10,000 Pawiak Prison Warsaw, Poland 37,000 Plaszów Kraków, Poland 8000 Poniatowa Lublin, Poland 15,000 Ravensbrück Berlin, Germany 92,000 Sachsenhausen/Oranienburg Berlin, Germany 105,000 Sajmiste/Semlin Serbia 50,000 Sered Slovakia 13,500 (deported to Theresienstadt) Stutthof Poland 65,000 to 85,000 Theresienstadt Prague, Czechoslovakia 33,430 Trawniki Lublin, Poland 10,000   Major Jewish Ghettos Ghetto Country Population Amsterdam Netherlands 100,000 Bedzin Poland 27,000 Bialystok Poland 35,000 to 50,000 Budapest Hungary 70,000 Chernovtsy Romania 50,000 Grodno Poland 25,000 Kovno/Kaunas Lithuania 40,000 Kraków Poland 19,000 Lida Belorussia 9000 Liepaja Latvia 7400 Lódz Poland 205,000 Lublin Poland 34,000 Lvov Ukraine 110,000 Minsk Belorussia 100,000 Mir Belorussia 2500 Novogrudok Belorussia 6000 Radom Poland 30,000 Riga Latvia 43,000 Salonika Greece 56,000 Shanghai* China 10,000 Ternopol Ukraine 12,500 Theresienstadt Czechoslovakia 90,000 Vitebsk Belorussia 16,000 Vilna Lithuania 41,000 Warsaw Poland 400,000 to 500,000 *The ghetto was administered by the Japanese occupational government with the assistance of the Jewish welfare organization.   Jews Killed During the Holocaust by Country Country Jews Killed Perc. of Country’s Jews Killed Albania — —1 Austria 50,000 362 Belgium 25,000 603 Belorussia 245,000 65 Bohemia/Moravia 80,000 89 Bulgaria 11,400 144 Denmark 60 1.3 Estonia 1500 35 Finland 7 2.85 France 90,000 26 Germany 130,000 55 Great Britain 130 6 Greece 65,000 807 Hungary 450,000 70 Italy 7500 208 Latvia 70,000 77 Lithuania 220,000 94 Luxembourg 1950 50 The Netherlands 106,000 76 Norway 870 55 Poland 2,900,000 88 Russia 107,000 119 Romania 270,000 33 Slovakia 71,000 80 Spain — — Sweden — — Switzerland — —10 Ukraine 900,000 60 Yugoslavia 60,000 8011 1Between ten to 12 Jews were deported from Albania to Bergen-Belsen. 2When the Nazis annexed Austria in March 1938, there were 185,000 Jews living in the country. Thousands of Jews fled after the Anschluss and subsequent Kristallnacht pogrom in November 1938. 3Only 10% of the victims were citizens of Belgium prior to the war. 4The Jewish victims came exclusively from Thrace and Macedonia, territories awarded to Bulgaria by Hitler. 5Out of a Jewish population approaching 2000, a small number of Jewish refugees were deported to labor camps in Estonia. 6From 1941 to 1945, the British interned 1500 Jews destined for Palestine on Mauritius; 124 perished. In 1939, two Jews were killed by the British Navy when their ship was sunk attempting to enter Palestine. At least three Jews were deported to camps during the German occupation of Britain’s Channel Islands. 7Includes Corfu (1800), Rhodes (1540), and Salonika (42,000). 8Jews were deported during the Nazi occupation of Italy, which began in 1943. 9This estimate of Jewish victims is likely to increase, possibly by as much as 250,000, as scholars examine documents made available after the collapse of the former Soviet Union. 10The Swiss policy of refoulement, enforced from 1938 until July 7, 1944, curtailed the flow of Jewish refugees into Switzerland. Although approximately 30,000 Jews found refuge in or passed through Switzerland, at least 10,000 Jews were turned away. Although trains destined for concentration and death camps in the East were allowed to be routed through Switzerland, its prewar Jewish population of 12,000 was not turned over to the Nazis. 11Includes Jews from Bosnia, Croatia, Rab, and Serbia. Most Jews in the Italian Zone of Occupation were not deported or released to the Nazi or Ustasa.   Jewish Resistance Area of Activity Organization Leadership Algeria José Aboulker Family José Aboulker Auschwitz-Birkenau Resistance, Sonderkommando revolt Battle Group Auschwitz, Jewish Sonderkommandos Balkans and Austria Jewish Parachutists Yishuv Jews Bedzin Ghetto underground Jewish Youth Groups Bialystok Ghetto Jewish Anti-Fascist Bloc Mordechai Tenenbaum France Armée Juivee Abraham Polonski & Lucien Lublin France Jewish Scout Movement Robert Gamzon Germany Baum Group Herbert & Marianne Baum Italy Jewish Brigades Yishuv Jews Kovno/Kaunas Ghetto Jewish Fighting Organization Young Zionists and Anti-Fascist Struggle Organization Kraków Resistance Zionist Youth Movements & Jewish Fighting Organization Lida Ghetto Bielski partisans Bielski Brothers Lvov Ghetto Resistance/underground Tadek Drotorski Minsk Ghetto partisan Hersh Smolar Minsk Ghetto partisan Kazinets a.k.a. “Slavek” Mir Ghetto underground & revolt Shmuel Rufeisin Novogrudok Ghetto Bielski partisans Bielski brothers Riga Ghetto underground “Secret Cells” Sobibór death camp Resistance & revolt Aleksandr Pechersky & Leon Feldhandler Treblinka death camp Resistance & revolt Dr. Julian Chorazycki, Marceli Galewski, & Zelo Bloch Vilna Ghetto partisans Yehiel Scheinbaum Vilna Ghetto underground/United Partisan Organization Josef Glazman & Yitzhak Wittenberg Warsaw Ghetto Jewish Fighting Organization Mordecai Anielewicz, Zivia Lubetkin, Yitzhak Zuckerman Warsaw Ghetto Jewish Military Union (Zionist Revisionists) Pawel Frenkiel   Jewish Immigration to Palestine, 1933–1948 Year Aliya Aliya Bet* 1933 30,327 467 (817)+ 1934 42,359 NA 1935 61,854 NA 1936 29,727 NA 1937 10,536 69 1938 14,675 3041 (3079)1 1939 31,195 13,350 (15,217)2 World War II 1939 — 2899 (4029) 1940 10,643 5806 (8306) 1941 4592 800 1942 4206 0 (889) 1943 10,063 0 (0)3, 4 1944 15,552 3944 (4283)5, 6 1945 15,259 — Postwar 1945 — 989 (989) 1946 18,760 1197 (21,673)7 1947 22,098 2520 (25,191) 1948 17,165 189 (21,509) *Aliya: legal immigration. Aliya bet: “illegal” immigration. +The first number of the last column is the actual number of Jews who landed in Palestine. The number inside the parentheses represents the total number of Jews who attempted to enter Palestine. 1Evian Conference held from July 6 to 15, 1938. 2British White Paper implemented and enforced from May 17, 1939, until May 14, 1948. 3Bermuda Conference held in April 1943. 4Thousands of Jews were deported by the British to Athlit and Cyprus. 5War Refugee Board established on January 22, 1944. 6Thousands of Jews were shipped to British internment camps, and some were deported to Germany. 7Data includes immigration up to May 14, 1948; some Jews were detained on Cyprus until that date, when the state of Israel was established.   The Holocaust Chronicle © 2002 Publications International, Ltd.